{"id":8026,"date":"2021-10-16T15:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-10-16T15:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bezpecnenanete.eset.com\/sk\/?p=8026"},"modified":"2021-10-20T11:58:59","modified_gmt":"2021-10-20T11:58:59","slug":"cim-sa-lisi-misinformacia-od-dezinformacie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bezpecnenanete.eset.com\/sk\/pre-ucitelov\/cim-sa-lisi-misinformacia-od-dezinformacie\/","title":{"rendered":"\u010c\u00edm sa l\u00ed\u0161i misinform\u00e1cia od dezinform\u00e1cie?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Tento \u010dl\u00e1nok je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou Pr\u00edru\u010dky o digit\u00e1lnej bezpe\u010dnosti pre u\u010dite\u013eov 1. a 2. stup\u0148a z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch \u0161k\u00f4l. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tieto dva pojmy sa \u010dasto zamie\u0148aj\u00fa, no nemaj\u00fa rovnak\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Obe \u0161\u00edria nespr\u00e1vne \u010di vymyslen\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie, no v pr\u00edpade misinform\u00e1cie je jej \u0161\u00edrite\u013e \u00faprimne presved\u010den\u00fd o jej pravdivosti a nem\u00e1 v \u00famysle \u0148ou \u0161kodi\u0165. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dezinform\u00e1cia je rovnako fakticky nespr\u00e1vna, <\/strong>no jej tvorca a \u010dasto aj \u0161\u00edrite\u013e to vie<\/strong>, a napriek tomu ju vedome roz\u0161iruje a sna\u017e\u00ed sa t\u00fdm ubl\u00ed\u017ei\u0165.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dezinform\u00e1cie m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 aj inform\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa vo svojom jadre pravdiv\u00e9, ale s\u00fa \u0161\u00edren\u00e9 bez s\u00favislost\u00ed \u2013 s\u00fa kumulovan\u00e9 na jeden port\u00e1l alebo profil a vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa skreslen\u00fd poh\u013ead na problematiku. Vyberaj\u00fa sa napr\u00edklad ojedinel\u00e9 pr\u00edpady, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa v\u0161ak kumulovan\u00e9. Dezinform\u00e1cia vedie k nespr\u00e1vnym z\u00e1verom alebo rozhodnutiam. Je aj n\u00e1strojom tzv. psychologickej vojny \u2013 propagandy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kto a pre\u010do produkuje dezinform\u00e1cie?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Dezinform\u00e1cie s\u00fa be\u017en\u00e9 v nekalom s\u00faperen\u00ed politick\u00fdch str\u00e1n, v spravodajsk\u00fdch hr\u00e1ch medzi r\u00f4znymi politick\u00fdmi syst\u00e9mami, medzi znepriatelen\u00fdmi \u0161t\u00e1tmi. Predstavuj\u00fa aj prvok vojensk\u00e9ho s\u00faperenia. Cie\u013eom dezinform\u00e1cie je oklama\u0165 protivn\u00edka<\/strong> a dovies\u0165 ho k z\u00e1verom, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa prospe\u0161n\u00e9 autorovi dezinform\u00e1cie. \u010casto sta\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee dezinform\u00e1cie vytvoria atmosf\u00e9ru chaosu, pochybnosti o tom, \u010do je pravdiv\u00e9, a teda zn\u00ed\u017eia d\u00f4veru v autority, ktor\u00e9 riadia spolo\u010dnos\u0165, alebo v syst\u00e9m. A naru\u0161enie funk\u010dnosti nejak\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 pr\u00e1ve z\u00e1merom tvorcov dezinform\u00e1ci\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f4vodom m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 aj biznis<\/strong> \u2013 na trhu existuje priestor na inform\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 tradi\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00e9di\u00e1 neposkytuj\u00fa. D\u00f4vodom nepokr\u00fdvania tohto priestoru nie je to, \u017ee by chceli nie\u010do zaml\u010da\u0165, ale to, \u017ee tie inform\u00e1cie s\u00fa bu\u010f nepravdiv\u00e9, alebo nekvalitn\u00e9, resp. neoverite\u013en\u00e9. Vyplnen\u00edm tohto pr\u00e1zdneho priestoru m\u00f4\u017ee vznikn\u00fa\u0165 dezinforma\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00e9dium s relat\u00edvne vysokou sledovate\u013enos\u0165ou, \u010do im umo\u017en\u00ed zarobi\u0165 na reklame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010co s\u00fa dezinforma\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00e9di\u00e1?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Dezinforma\u010dn\u00e9 alebo kon\u0161pira\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00e9di\u00e1 sa zameriavaj\u00fa na \u0161\u00edrenie dezinform\u00e1ci\u00ed.<\/strong> Zvykneme ich naz\u00fdva\u0165 aj pojmom kon\u0161pira\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00e9di\u00e1. Ich cie\u013eom je \u0161\u00edri\u0165 kon\u0161pira\u010dn\u00e9 te\u00f3rie, hoaxy, neoveren\u00e9 alebo zmanipulovan\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie. Ich tematika je v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou zameran\u00e1 jedn\u00fdm smerom \u2013 v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti najm\u00e4 na t\u00e9mu ute\u010dencov, proti COVID-19, proti E\u00da.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Form\u00e1lne sa sna\u017eia podoba\u0165 na tradi\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00e9di\u00e1, viacer\u00e9 napr\u00edklad publikuj\u00fa aj re\u00e1lne spr\u00e1vy. No k\u00fdm tradi\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00e9di\u00e1 opisuj\u00fa svet komplexne a ucelenej\u0161ie,<\/strong> dezinforma\u010dn\u00e9 sa najviac venuj\u00fa vybran\u00fdm t\u00e9mam, v ktor\u00fdch chc\u00fa negat\u00edvne ovplyv\u0148ova\u0165 myslenie \u010ditate\u013eov. \u010castej\u0161ie preberaj\u00fa spr\u00e1vy z in\u00fdch zdrojov alebo ich prekladaj\u00fa, daj\u00fa im \u0161okuj\u00facej\u0161\u00ed titulok. Ak robia rozhovory, tak v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou s osobami, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa rovnak\u00e9 n\u00e1zory a podporuj\u00fa ciele m\u00e9dia. Nerie\u0161ia ot\u00e1zky etiky a seri\u00f3znosti. Ich cie\u013eom nie je informova\u0165 a kontrolova\u0165 verejn\u00fa moc, ale vies\u0165 kampa\u0148 proti demokratick\u00e9mu syst\u00e9mu. Chyby v spr\u00e1vach s\u00fa \u00famyseln\u00e9, zaml\u010diavaj\u00fa \u010das\u0165 inform\u00e1cie a vytrh\u00e1vaj\u00fa spr\u00e1vy z kontextu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ve\u013ek\u00fa skupinu dezinforma\u010dn\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00ed tvoria nielen spravodajsk\u00e9 port\u00e1ly, ale aj m\u00e9di\u00e1 venuj\u00face sa zdraviu. Popul\u00e1rnym \u010dl\u00e1nkom na \u010deskom internete bol \u010dl\u00e1nok \u201eRakovina sa d\u00e1 vylie\u010di\u0165 peroxidom vod\u00edka\u201c a na Slovensku napr\u00edklad \u010dl\u00e1nok: \u201eTajomstvo odhalen\u00e9: Rakovina nie je choroba, ale biznis. Takto s \u0148ou zato\u010d\u00edte.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Takmer v ka\u017edej krajine sveta funguj\u00fa okrem \u0161tandardn\u00fdch aj dezinforma\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00e9di\u00e1. Napriek riziku, ktor\u00e9 predstavuj\u00fa, je dobr\u00e9 ich pozna\u0165, aby sme sa im vyhli a ne\u0161\u00edrili spr\u00e1vy z nich \u010falej.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ktor\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie sa \u0161\u00edria r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie a pre\u010do?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdskum, ktor\u00fd v marci 2018 zverejnil \u010dasopis Science, potvrdil, \u017ee falo\u0161n\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy sa na internete \u0161\u00edria r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie ako pravdiv\u00e9 (https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/359\/6380\/1146). Autori porovn\u00e1vali \u0161\u00edrenie inform\u00e1ci\u00ed na soci\u00e1lnej sieti Twitter a zistili, \u017ee nepravdiv\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie sa \u0161\u00edrili \u0161es\u0165kr\u00e1t r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie. \u013dudia radi \u010falej \u0161\u00edria inform\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 p\u00f4sobia senza\u010dne. Pred svoj\u00edm okol\u00edm, ale aj sam\u00fdm sebou tak vyzeraj\u00fa by\u0165 informovanej\u0161\u00ed a t\u00ed, \u010do s\u00fa \u201ev obraze\u201c a pri zdroji inform\u00e1ci\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na mnoh\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky existuj\u00fa odpovede, pravdiv\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie s\u00fa v\u0161ak pre mnoh\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed menej zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 a nudnej\u0161ie na rozdiel od nepravdiv\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed. Overen\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 vysvet\u013euj\u00fa alebo vyvracaj\u00fa nepravdy, sa \u0161\u00edria ove\u013ea \u0165a\u017e\u0161ie a \u010dasto sa nedostan\u00fa k \u013eu\u010fom, ktor\u00ed si pre\u010d\u00edtali p\u00f4vodn\u00fa senza\u010dn\u00fa inform\u00e1ciu. Napravi\u0165 tak \u0161kody po dezinform\u00e1toroch je ak nie nemo\u017en\u00e9, tak ve\u013emi \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9.<\/strong> Nepravdiv\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie b\u00fdvaj\u00fa populistick\u00e9, \u013eahko sa \u0161\u00edria aj v\u010faka internetu a tie\u017e v\u010faka ni\u017e\u0161ej d\u00f4vere \u013eud\u00ed v autority.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010eal\u0161\u00edm d\u00f4vodom je, \u017ee \u013eudia uprednost\u0148uj\u00fa inform\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 zapadaj\u00fa do ich videnia sveta, do ich jestvuj\u00facich n\u00e1zorov, vznik\u00e1 tzv. konfirma\u010dn\u00e9 skreslenie.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010co je konfirma\u010dn\u00e9 skreslenie?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Je to prirodzen\u00e1 vlastnos\u0165 n\u00e1\u0161ho myslenia, teda chyba v \u00fasudku. Je to tendencia uprednost\u0148ova\u0165, <\/strong>h\u013eada\u0165, z pam\u00e4ti si prednostne vyvol\u00e1va\u0165 tak\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 potvrdzuj\u00fa na\u0161e presved\u010denie<\/strong> alebo hypot\u00e9zu. Men\u0161iu pozornos\u0165 venujeme alternat\u00edvnym mo\u017enostiam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z experimentov vieme, \u017ee \u013eudia neh\u013eadaj\u00fa inform\u00e1cie, ale n\u00e1zory, ktor\u00e9 potvrdzuj\u00fa to, \u010do si u\u017e dopredu myslia \u2013 konfirm\u00e1cie (konfirmuj\u00fa \u2013 potvrdzuj\u00fa ich predstavy). Efekt konfirma\u010dn\u00e9ho skreslenia je silnej\u0161\u00ed pri emocion\u00e1lne nabit\u00fdch ot\u00e1zkach a hlboko zakorenen\u00fdch presved\u010deniach. Je to zameranie sa na posudzovanie my\u0161lienok jednostrann\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom a ignorovanie alternat\u00edv. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u010faka konfirma\u010dn\u00e9mu skresleniu sme presved\u010den\u00ed aj o pravdivosti nepravdivej inform\u00e1cie a v dobrej viere ju \u0161\u00edrime \u010falej v domnienke, \u017ee je pravdiv\u00e1. \u0160\u00edrime misinform\u00e1ciu. Ke\u010f\u017ee o pravdivosti spr\u00e1vy sme presved\u010den\u00ed, nevid\u00edme d\u00f4vod na jej overovanie. Preto je ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 pozna\u0165 konfirma\u010dn\u00e9 skreslenie a neust\u00e1le pochybova\u0165 o pravdivosti <\/strong>a n\u00e1sledne si ju overova\u0165. Len neust\u00e1le overovanie a porovn\u00e1vanie inform\u00e1ci\u00ed s viacer\u00fdmi d\u00f4veryhodn\u00fdmi zdrojmi je cestou, ako sa vyhneme \u0161\u00edreniu nepravdiv\u00fdch spr\u00e1v.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ako na\u0161a myse\u013e h\u013ead\u00e1 odpove\u010f na nezn\u00e1me ot\u00e1zky?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pri vytv\u00e1ran\u00ed \u00fasudku preferujeme jednoduch\u0161ie a \u013eah\u0161ie rie\u0161enie probl\u00e9mov pred rie\u0161en\u00edm, ktor\u00e9 si vy\u017eaduje viac prem\u00fd\u0161\u013eania a snahy. Sme leniv\u00ed pre\u010d\u00edta\u0165 si komplexnej\u0161ie inform\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ak dostaneme ot\u00e1zku, na ktor\u00fa nepozn\u00e1me odpove\u010f, na\u0161a myse\u013e si ju transformuje na tak\u00fa ot\u00e1zku, ktor\u00fa vieme r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie vyhodnoti\u0165. Pri vyhodnocovan\u00ed si vybavujeme v pam\u00e4ti situ\u00e1cie, na ktor\u00e9 si vieme \u010do najr\u00fdchlej\u0161ie spomen\u00fa\u0165. Sk\u00faste si odpoveda\u0165 na ot\u00e1zku: Ktor\u00e9 povolanie je nebezpe\u010dnej\u0161ie \u2013 policajt alebo morsk\u00fd ryb\u00e1r? Pravdepodobne v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina \u013eud\u00ed odpovie policajt, lebo sa im v pam\u00e4ti vybavia ak\u010dn\u00e9 filmy, v ktor\u00fdch vystupuj\u00fa policajti v r\u00f4znych prestrelk\u00e1ch. V skuto\u010dnosti odpoved\u00e1me na ot\u00e1zku, v ko\u013ek\u00fdch nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch situ\u00e1ci\u00e1ch ste videli policajta a v ko\u013ek\u00fdch morsk\u00e9ho ryb\u00e1ra. Pod\u013ea \u0161tatistick\u00fdch \u00fadajov morsk\u00fd ryb\u00e1r patr\u00ed medzi najrizikovej\u0161ie povolania na svete. Podrobnej\u0161ie o fungovan\u00ed n\u00e1\u0161ho myslenia a chyb\u00e1ch v myslen\u00ed sa do\u010d\u00edtate v knihe Myslenie r\u00fdchle a pomal\u00e9 (Daniel Kahneman).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Kompletn\u00fa verziu Pr\u00edru\u010dku o digit\u00e1lnej bezpe\u010dnosti pre u\u010dite\u013eov 1. a 2. stup\u0148a z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch \u0161k\u00f4l <\/span><\/strong>si m\u00f4\u017eete stiahnu\u0165 vo form\u00e1te pdf. na tomto odkaze. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Stiahnu\u0165 <\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tento \u010dl\u00e1nok je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou Pr\u00edru\u010dky o digit\u00e1lnej bezpe\u010dnosti pre u\u010dite\u013eov 1. a 2. stup\u0148a z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch \u0161k\u00f4l.  Tieto dva pojmy sa \u010dasto zamie\u0148aj\u00fa, no nemaj\u00fa rovnak\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Obe \u0161\u00edria nespr\u00e1vne \u010di vymyslen\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie, no v pr\u00edpade misinform\u00e1cie je jej \u0161\u00edrite\u013e \u00faprimne presved\u010den\u00fd o jej pravdivosti a nem\u00e1 v \u00famysle \u0148ou \u0161kodi\u0165. Dezinform\u00e1cia je rovnako fakticky nespr\u00e1vna, no jej tvorca a \u010dasto aj \u0161\u00edrite\u013e to…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":8029,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[154,150],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8026","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dezinformacie-a-hoaxy","category-pre-ucitelov"],"yoast_head":"\n\u010c\u00edm sa l\u00ed\u0161i misinform\u00e1cia od dezinform\u00e1cie? | ESET<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u010c\u00edm sa l\u00ed\u0161i misinform\u00e1cia od dezinform\u00e1cie? A \u010do je to konfirma\u010dn\u00e9 skreslenie. 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