{"id":3305,"date":"2020-02-20T12:30:56","date_gmt":"2020-02-20T12:30:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bezpecnenanete.eset.com\/sk\/?p=3305"},"modified":"2021-07-30T09:53:12","modified_gmt":"2021-07-30T09:53:12","slug":"osem-strategii-ako-odlisit-pravdivu-spravu-od-dezinformacie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bezpecnenanete.eset.com\/sk\/it-bezpecnost\/osem-strategii-ako-odlisit-pravdivu-spravu-od-dezinformacie\/","title":{"rendered":"Osem strat\u00e9gi\u00ed, ako odl\u00ed\u0161i\u0165 pravdiv\u00fa spr\u00e1vu od dezinform\u00e1cie"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"Dezinform\u00e1cie\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Zo v\u0161etk\u00fdch str\u00e1n sa na n\u00e1s valia medi\u00e1lne spr\u00e1vy. Mnoh\u00e9 s\u00fa zauj\u00edmav\u00e9, mnoh\u00e9 podozriv\u00e9 \u010di pochybn\u00e9. Niektor\u00e9 s\u00fa zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 i pochybn\u00e9 z\u00e1rove\u0148. Ako sa v tom v\u0161etkom vyzna\u0165? Autor knihy Sila rozumu v bl\u00e1znivej dobe<\/em>, prv\u00e9ho slovensk\u00e9ho manu\u00e1lu kritick\u00e9ho myslenia, v\u00e1m uk\u00e1\u017ee osem strat\u00e9gi\u00ed, pomocou ktor\u00fdch dok\u00e1\u017eete rozozna\u0165, ktor\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy s\u00fa v medi\u00e1lnej d\u017eungli hodn\u00e9 pozornosti, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa naopak zbyto\u010dn\u00e9, m\u00e4t\u00face, alebo rovno toxick\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Pozorujte vlastn\u00e9 em\u00f3cie<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Je to mo\u017eno\nparadoxn\u00e9, ale prvou vecou, ktor\u00fa je dobr\u00e9 urobi\u0165, ke\u010f natraf\u00edte na podozriv\u00fa\nmedi\u00e1lnu spr\u00e1vu, je vn\u00edma\u0165 v prvom rade svoju spont\u00e1nnu rekaciu. Nazrite\ndo vlastn\u00e9ho vn\u00fatra! Ak\u00e9 em\u00f3cie vo v\u00e1s spr\u00e1va vyvolala? Ak\u00fa reakciu sa\nu v\u00e1s sna\u017e\u00ed vzbudi\u0165?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vyvol\u00e1vanie negat\u00edvnych<\/a> em\u00f3ci\u00ed, najm\u00e4 strachu, hnevu \u010di nen\u00e1visti, je toti\u017e jednou z naj\u00fa\u010dinnej\u0161\u00edch manipulat\u00edvnych techn\u00edk. \u010clovek, ktor\u00fd vn\u00fatorne vyrovnan\u00fd a spokojn\u00fd, je aj do ve\u013ekej miery slobodn\u00fd a pre manipul\u00e1torov nepredv\u00eddate\u013en\u00fd. Vystra\u0161en\u00fd \u010di nahnevan\u00fd \u010dlovek ale reaguje omnoho predv\u00eddate\u013enej\u0161ie, a d\u00e1 sa teda vies\u0165 za ru\u010di\u010dku tam, kde ho manipul\u00e1tor chce ma\u0165.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ak v\u00e1s teda m\u00e9dium zbyto\u010dne stra\u0161\u00ed, alebo sa v\u00e1s n\u00e1silne sna\u017e\u00ed rozhneva\u0165, pr\u00edpadne rozpa\u013euje vo v\u00e1s plamienok nen\u00e1visti, dajte od neho ruky pre\u010d. Pravdepodobne m\u00e1te \u010do do \u010dinenia s manipul\u00e1tormi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Zamerajte sa na remeseln\u00fa kvalitu spr\u00e1vy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Mnoho \u010dl\u00e1nkov na\ninternete m\u00e1 dos\u0165 biednu fom\u00e1lnu \u00farove\u0148. S\u00fa v nich gramatick\u00e9 chyby.\n\u0160tylistika a interpunkcia nesed\u00ed. Niekedy s\u00fa \u010dasti textu nap\u00edsan\u00e9 ve\u013ek\u00fdmi\np\u00edsmenami, autor mrh\u00e1 v\u00fdkri\u010dn\u00edkmi. Inokedy je spr\u00e1va nap\u00edsan\u00e1 nevkusn\u00fdm fontom,\nje zle zalomen\u00e1, webstr\u00e1nka m\u00e1 tragick\u00fd dizajn. Mo\u017eno s\u00fa v nej \u00faplne\nz\u00e1kladn\u00e9 logick\u00e9 chyby: argumenty na seba nenadv\u00e4zuj\u00fa, alebo si priamo\nprotire\u010dia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00daboh\u00e1 form\u00e1lna\nstr\u00e1nka medi\u00e1lnej spr\u00e1vy nie je znakom jej autenticity. Sved\u010d\u00ed o nie\u010dom celkom\ninom: \u017ee jej autor nem\u00e1 dostatok schopnost\u00ed \u010di pracovitosti, aby v\u00e1m svoje\nposolstvo predlo\u017eil v str\u00e1vite\u013enej\u0161om obsahu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tak\u00fdmto spr\u00e1vam nemus\u00edte venova\u0165 svoju pozornos\u0165. Napokon, ke\u010f ani samotn\u00fd autor nebol ochotn\u00fd venova\u0165 svoj \u010das na to, aby vytvoril kvalitn\u00fd text, pre\u010do by ste mali svoj \u010das mrha\u0165 vy na jeho dek\u00f3dovanie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"\u010co<\/figure>
\u010co m\u00f4\u017eeme pova\u017eova\u0165 za dezinform\u00e1ciu a \u010do nie? <\/span>

O dezinform\u00e1ci\u00e1ch sa v poslednej dobe toho ve\u013ea p\u00ed\u0161e. \u010co tento term\u00edn znamen\u00e1 a\u00a0v\u00a0akej podobe ho nach\u00e1dzame? <\/p>\n

\u010c\u00edta\u0165 viac<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

3. Preklepnite si autora<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ve\u013emi \u010dasto sa v\u0161ak\nst\u00e1va, \u017ee report\u00e1\u017e \u010di \u010dl\u00e1nok, ktor\u00fd m\u00e1te pred sebou, je po form\u00e1lnej str\u00e1nke\ncelkom v poriadku. Text nedrhne, nie je pln\u00fd ch\u00fdb, m\u00e9dium m\u00e1 vkusn\u00fa\ngrafiku. A predsa vo v\u00e1s hlod\u00e1 pochybnos\u0165… <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V takomto pr\u00edpade urob\u00edte najlep\u0161ie, ke\u010f zameriate svoju pozornos\u0165 na autora <\/a>spr\u00e1vy. Ho\u010fte si jeho meno do Googlu. Existuje v\u00f4bec? Ako dlho pracuje ako novin\u00e1r? T\u00fd\u017ede\u0148 alebo desa\u0165 rokov? H\u013eadajte podozriv\u00e9 momenty v \u017eivotopise: podozriv\u00e9 kontakty s mocn\u00fdmi, ideologick\u00e9 excesy (ako napr\u00edklad podporu nacizmu \u010di \u010dlenstvo v \u0160TB). Presk\u00famajte aj odbornos\u0165 autora. Rozumie skuto\u010dne tomu, o \u010dom p\u00ed\u0161e? Alebo sa len tak tv\u00e1ri?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u0161\u00edmajte si aj,\nodkia\u013e autor \u010derp\u00e1 svoje inform\u00e1cie. Uv\u00e1dza v\u00f4bec nejak\u00e9 zdroje? A ak aj\n\u00e1no, ide o renomovan\u00e9 zahrani\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00e9di\u00e1, alebo o obsk\u00farnu tla\u010dov\u00fa\nagent\u00faru kdesi z horn\u00e9ho Tatarstanu?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Preverte si aj\nm\u00e9dium, ktor\u00e9 spr\u00e1vu vydalo. Pozn\u00e1te ho? Vzniklo predv\u010derom, alebo existuje u\u017e\ndlh\u00e9 desa\u0165ro\u010dia? A ako je financovan\u00e9?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ka\u017ed\u00e9 hodnovern\u00e9\nm\u00e9dium uv\u00e1dza na svojej str\u00e1nke, ak\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom z\u00edskava peniaze na svoju\nprev\u00e1dzku. Uv\u00e1dza svojich sponzorov, pr\u00edpadne cel\u00fa v\u00fdro\u010dn\u00fa spr\u00e1vu \u010di \u00fa\u010dtovn\u00fa\nuz\u00e1vierku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ak na str\u00e1nke m\u00e9dia\nnen\u00e1jdete \u017eiadne inform\u00e1cie o tom, ako si zaobstar\u00e1va financie na svoju\nexistenciu, vedzte, \u017ee to je obvykle preto, lebo v\u00e1m to chc\u00fa zataji\u0165. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

S tak\u00fdm m\u00e9diom nechcete ma\u0165 ni\u010d spolo\u010dn\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Ku komu autor hovor\u00ed? <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ak dospejete\nk n\u00e1zoru, \u017ee autor i m\u00e9dium s\u00fa d\u00f4veryhodn\u00e9, m\u00f4\u017eete pou\u017ei\u0165 e\u0161te jednu\nstrat\u00e9giu, ktor\u00e1 v\u00e1m umo\u017en\u00ed lep\u0161ie odhadn\u00fa\u0165 hodnotu spr\u00e1vy, ktor\u00fa m\u00e1te pred\nsebou. Sk\u00faste hackn\u00fa\u0165 mozog autora. K ak\u00e9mu publiku chce prehovori\u0165? Ak\u00e9\nposolstvo chce odovzda\u0165?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dos\u0165 \u010dasto sa\nst\u00e1va, \u017ee sa na internete stretnete s \u010dl\u00e1nkom alebo videom, ktor\u00fd v\u00f4bec\nnedok\u00e1\u017eete bra\u0165 v\u00e1\u017ene. M\u00f4\u017eete sa na \u0148om len zasmia\u0165. Jeho posolstvo, \u0161t\u00fdl\na argument\u00e1cia ide celkom mimo v\u00e1s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u013dudia s\u00fa v\u0161ak r\u00f4zni. Aj v takomto pr\u00edpade m\u00e1 zmysel sa p\u00fdta\u0165: ak ja zjavne nie som adres\u00e1tom tohto videa \u010di \u010dl\u00e1nku, kto n\u00edm je? M\u00f4\u017eu to by\u0165 star\u0161\u00ed \u013eudia, alebo naopak t\u00edned\u017eeri? \u013dudia, ktor\u00ed s\u00fa silne veriaci, alebo naopak ateisti? Bohat\u0161\u00ed, alebo naopak chudobnej\u0161\u00ed ob\u010dania Slovenska? Mu\u017ei, alebo \u017eeny? Technooptimisti, alebo \u013eudia, ktor\u00ed sa boja k\u00fapi\u0165 si cez internet aj l\u00edstok na vlak?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Pozor na kompro<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Na Slovensku\nexistuje obrovsk\u00fd trh s kompromituj\u00facimi materi\u00e1lmi. Objavuj\u00fa sa st\u00e1le\nnov\u00e9 nahr\u00e1vky, fotky \u010di vide\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 vyzeraj\u00fa, \u017ee odha\u013euj\u00fa nepekn\u00e9 a\u017e hanebn\u00e9\nveci o minulosti verejne zn\u00e1mych \u013eud\u00ed. Niektor\u00e9 z t\u00fdchto materi\u00e1lov\nm\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 prav\u00e9. Zna\u010dn\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 z nich je ale \u00fa\u010delovo zmanipulovan\u00e1, napr\u00edklad\nzostrihan\u00e1 tak, aby uk\u00e1zala akt\u00e9rov v \u010do najnepriaznivej\u0161om svetle.\nA \u010fal\u0161ia zna\u010dn\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 je priamo podvrhom, falzom. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

My \u013eudia sme\nzvyknut\u00ed veri\u0165 vlastn\u00fdm u\u0161iam a o\u010diam, tak\u017ee fotka \u010di video, na ktor\u00e9 sa\nm\u00f4\u017eeme vlastn\u00fdmi o\u010dami pozrie\u0165, na n\u00e1s akosi automaticky p\u00f4sobia d\u00f4veryhodne.\nPri kompromituj\u00facich materi\u00e1loch je ale t\u00e1to d\u00f4veryhodnos\u0165 falo\u0161n\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Navy\u0161e, pokrok sa\nned\u00e1 zastavi\u0165. Za tri \u010di p\u00e4\u0165 rokov bude mo\u017en\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010dovo meni\u0165 mimiku politikov\nv priamom prenose; u\u017e dnes je mo\u017en\u00e9 i z kr\u00e1tkej nahr\u00e1vky nasn\u00edma\u0165 v\u00e1\u0161\nhlas a pou\u017ei\u0165 ho na vytvorenie falo\u0161n\u00fdch, po\u010d\u00edta\u010dovo generovan\u00fdch\nnahr\u00e1vok.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nahr\u00e1vka \u010di video z anonymn\u00e9ho zdroja o p\u00e1r rokov nebud\u00fa sved\u010di\u0165 v\u00f4bec o ni\u010dom. Neverte preto kompromituj\u00facim materi\u00e1lom, ktor\u00e9 sa z ni\u010doho ni\u010d objavia u kohosi na stole \u010di v po\u010d\u00edta\u010di.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"Sprievodca<\/figure>
Sprievodca nar\u00e1bania s inform\u00e1ciami: Nezn\u00e1my autor <\/span>

Nie je \u013eahk\u00e9 rozpozna\u0165 dezinform\u00e1cie a aj odborn\u00edci maj\u00fa niekedy probl\u00e9m, ke\u010f sa sna\u017eia rozl\u00ed\u0161i\u0165 dobr\u00e9 a zl\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie.\u00a0Ako rozpozna\u0165 autora?<\/p>\n

\u010c\u00edta\u0165 viac<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

6. Nechajte si poradi\u0165 od expertov<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Jedna dobr\u00e1 spr\u00e1va: v boji proti dezinform\u00e1ciam a hoaxom nie ste sami. Napokon, i str\u00e1nka bezpecnenanete.sk<\/a>, na ktorej vy\u0161iel tento \u010dl\u00e1nok, je toho d\u00f4kazom. Nechajte si preto poradi\u0165. Sledujte watchdogov\u00fa str\u00e1nku omediach.com, pozrite sa na zoznam ned\u00f4veryhodn\u00fdch str\u00e1nok na port\u00e1li konspiratori.sk. M\u00f4\u017eete si tie\u017e do prehliada\u010da nain\u0161talova\u0165 plug-in s jadrn\u00fdm n\u00e1zvom Bullshit detector, ktor\u00fd v\u00e1s je schopn\u00fd varova\u0165, ak pri surfovan\u00ed na vln\u00e1ch internetu zabl\u00fadite na str\u00e1nku s potenci\u00e1lne toxick\u00fdm obsahom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. Poznajte renomovan\u00e9 m\u00e9di\u00e1 a kvalitn\u00fdch novin\u00e1rov<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Slovensk\u00fd medi\u00e1lny\ntrh je ve\u013emi mal\u00fd. Redakci\u00e1m to komplikuje \u017eivot: na p\u00e4\u0165mili\u00f3novom\nSlovensku maj\u00fa m\u00e9di\u00e1 \u010dasto probl\u00e9my u\u017eivi\u0165 sa, preto\u017ee ich potenci\u00e1lnych\nz\u00e1kazn\u00edkov nie je a\u017e tak ve\u013ea. Pre m\u0148a \u010di v\u00e1s m\u00e1 ale mal\u00fd trh jednu ve\u013ek\u00fa\nv\u00fdhodu: kvalitn\u00fdch nov\u00edn, internetov\u00fdch port\u00e1lov \u010di novin\u00e1rov nie je a\u017e tak\nve\u013ea. V podstate ich m\u00f4\u017eete pozna\u0165 v\u0161etky po mene.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Viete, ktor\u00ed\nnovin\u00e1ri sa venuj\u00fa zdravotn\u00edctvu? Pozn\u00e1te men\u00e1 naj\u00faspe\u0161nej\u0161\u00edch investigat\u00edvcov?\nTu\u0161\u00edte, ktor\u00e9 noviny \u010d\u00edtaj\u00fa star\u0161\u00ed \u013eudia, a ktor\u00fa telev\u00edziu si pustia\nobyvatelia ve\u013ek\u00fdch miest? Ak sa budete dobre vyzna\u0165 v ekosyst\u00e9me\nslovensk\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00ed, budete omnoho im\u00fannej\u0161\u00edmi vo\u010di spr\u00e1vam, ktor\u00e9 sa n\u00e1hle\nobjavia kdesi v tmav\u00fdch k\u00fatoch internetu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dobr\u00e9 m\u00e9dium sa ned\u00e1 vybudova\u0165 za t\u00fd\u017ede\u0148. Dobr\u00fd novin\u00e1r m\u00e1 za sebou obvykle roky a roky pr\u00e1ce. Dajte si pozor na m\u00e9di\u00e1 a novin\u00e1rov bez hist\u00f3rie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. Nemus\u00edte ma\u0165 na v\u0161etko n\u00e1zor<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Mo\u017eno sa v\u00e1m po\npre\u010d\u00edtan\u00ed tohto textu trochu zato\u010dila hlava. F\u00faha, poviete si, to je celkom\npr\u00e1ca, vyzna\u0165 sa v celej tej d\u017eungli medi\u00e1lnych spr\u00e1v. Mo\u017eno c\u00edtite, \u017ee na\ntak\u00fato podrobn\u00fa anal\u00fdzu pri ka\u017edej jednej spr\u00e1ve jednoducho nem\u00e1te \u010das.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prax ale rob\u00ed\nmajstra. T\u00fdchto osem bodov mo\u017eno vyzer\u00e1 zlo\u017eito, ale po pomerne kr\u00e1tkom \u010dase si\nich zautomatizujete a ich pou\u017e\u00edvanie pre v\u00e1s bude rovnako prirodzen\u00e9, ako\nplatenie kartou alebo vyh\u013ead\u00e1vanie najkrat\u0161ej cesty na online mape.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Navy\u0161e nie ste povinn\u00ed ma\u0165 n\u00e1zor na v\u0161etko, od situ\u00e1cie na Bl\u00edzkom v\u00fdchode, cez d\u00f4chodkov\u00fd syst\u00e9m a\u017e po mikroplasty v oce\u00e1noch. Inform\u00e1ci\u00ed je ve\u013ea a nie je v sil\u00e1ch \u017eiadneho z n\u00e1s rozumie\u0165 \u00faplne v\u0161etk\u00e9mu. \u0160pecializujte sa! Je lep\u0161ie venova\u0165 sa do h\u013abky jednej t\u00e9me, ne\u017e ma\u0165 povrchn\u00e9 n\u00e1zory na v\u0161etko, \u010do sa pod slnkom udeje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Autor: J\u00e1n Marko\u0161<\/h5>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

J\u00e1n Marko\u0161<\/strong> (34) je lektor kritick\u00e9ho myslenia, autor viacer\u00fdch kn\u00edh a \u0161achov\u00fd ve\u013emajster. Je autorom knihy Sila rozumu v bl\u00e1znivej dobe<\/em>, prv\u00e9ho manu\u00e1lu kritick\u00e9ho myslenia ur\u010den\u00e9mu pre slovensk\u00e9 prostredie, ktorej sa predalo viac ne\u017e 6000 kusov. Jeho \u0161achov\u00e1  kniha Under the Surface<\/em> zase z\u00edskala od Anglickej \u0161achovej feder\u00e1cie prest\u00ed\u017enu cenu Kniha roka 2018.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

J\u00e1n Marko\u0161 pre n\u00e1s sp\u00edsal osem strat\u00e9gi\u00ed, ako odl\u00ed\u0161i\u0165 pravdiv\u00fa spr\u00e1vu od dezinform\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":3325,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[112,82],"tags":[90],"class_list":["post-3305","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dezinformacie","category-it-bezpecnost","tag-ako-na-to"],"yoast_head":"\nAko odl\u00ed\u0161i\u0165 pravdiv\u00fa spr\u00e1vu od dezinform\u00e1cie | ESET<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"J\u00e1n Marko\u0161, autor knihy Sila rozumu v bl\u00e1znivej dobe, pre n\u00e1s sp\u00edsal osem strat\u00e9gi\u00ed, ako odl\u00ed\u0161i\u0165 pravdiv\u00fa spr\u00e1vu od dezinform\u00e1cie.\" 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