{"id":3185,"date":"2020-02-01T10:45:22","date_gmt":"2020-02-01T10:45:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bezpecnenanete.eset.com\/sk\/?p=3185"},"modified":"2020-02-04T07:27:11","modified_gmt":"2020-02-04T07:27:11","slug":"co-mozeme-povazovat-za-dezinformaciu-a-co-nie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bezpecnenanete.eset.com\/sk\/it-bezpecnost\/co-mozeme-povazovat-za-dezinformaciu-a-co-nie\/","title":{"rendered":"\u010co m\u00f4\u017eeme pova\u017eova\u0165 za dezinform\u00e1ciu a \u010do nie?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"r\u00f4zne<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

O dezinform\u00e1ci\u00e1ch sa v poslednej dobe toho ve\u013ea p\u00ed\u0161e. \u010co tento term\u00edn znamen\u00e1 a v akej podobe ho nach\u00e1dzame?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Za dezinform\u00e1ciu m\u00f4\u017eeme pova\u017eova\u0165 ak\u00fako\u013evek inform\u00e1ciu, ktor\u00e1 je nepravdiv\u00e1, vytvoren\u00e1 z\u00e1merne s cie\u013eom po\u0161kodi\u0165 jednotlivca, skupinu, organiz\u00e1ciu alebo krajinu. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Niekedy m\u00f4\u017ee \u00eds\u0165 len o prost\u00fd \u017eart. Z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fd probl\u00e9m nast\u00e1va, ke\u010f je za obsahom\ninform\u00e1cie skryt\u00fd <\/strong>ideologick\u00fd\n\u010di obchodn\u00fd z\u00e1mer<\/strong>. <\/strong>Autor takejto spr\u00e1vy sa usiluje o ovplyv\u0148ovanie\npolitick\u00fdch a n\u00e1zorov\u00fdch hodn\u00f4t pr\u00edjemcu. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 ho k \u0161\u00edreniu m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165\naj finan\u010dn\u00e1 motiv\u00e1cia. Pr\u00edkladom s\u00fa prev\u00e1dzkovatelia falo\u0161n\u00fdch spravodajsk\u00fdch\nwebov, ktor\u00ed chc\u00fa na svoje str\u00e1nky dosta\u0165 \u010do najviac pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov. Ak tak\u00e1to\nstr\u00e1nka obsahuje aj reklamy, za n\u00e1v\u0161tevy a kliky ide pr\u00edjem z reklamy\nmajite\u013eovi webu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Niektor\u00e9 typy inform\u00e1ci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa nepravdiv\u00e9, nemusia by\u0165 prim\u00e1rne vytvoren\u00e9 s \u00famyslom sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 \u0161kodu. Vznikaj\u00fa nepozornos\u0165ou, komunika\u010dn\u00fdm \u0161umom \u010di nespr\u00e1vnym vyhodnoten\u00edm inform\u00e1ci\u00ed, neporozumen\u00edm alebo nedostato\u010dn\u00fdm identifikovan\u00edm k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed. Pre tento druh inform\u00e1cie pou\u017e\u00edva term\u00edn misinform\u00e1cia.<\/strong> Autor takejto spr\u00e1vy nemus\u00ed ma\u0165 vedomos\u0165, \u017ee pod\u00e1va nespr\u00e1vne inform\u00e1cie. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V akej podobe nach\u00e1dzame dezinform\u00e1cie dnes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Aj samotn\u00ed odborn\u00edci maj\u00fa \u010dasto probl\u00e9m s presnou defin\u00edciou a pomenovan\u00edm r\u00f4znych pod\u00f4b dezinform\u00e1ci\u00ed a falo\u0161n\u00fdch spr\u00e1v v praxi. Pre \u010do najjednoduch\u0161ie vysvetlenie sme zvolili ako pom\u00f4cku sch\u00e9mu (Tabu\u013eka 1), ktor\u00e1 preh\u013eadne rozde\u013euje dezinform\u00e1cie na z\u00e1klade cie\u013ea a finan\u010dnej motiv\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"tabu\u013eka<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Autor: Mark Verstraete, Derek E. Bambauer, Jane R. Bambauer, Arizona Legal Studies,
Discussion Paper No. 17-15 \u2013 Identifying and Countering Fake news, August 2017,
The University of Arizona (James E. Rogers College of Law)
Zdroj: Arizona Legal Studies Discussion Paper No. 17-15<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Satira<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Satira je forma umenia.<\/strong> Nach\u00e1dzame ju v\ndivadle, v textoch \u010di vo vizu\u00e1lnom umen\u00ed.\nJe vytvoren\u00e1 z\u00e1merne, m\u00f4\u017ee ur\u00e1\u017ea\u0165, no nezav\u00e1dza a nevym\u00fd\u0161\u013ea si. <\/strong>Vyu\u017e\u00edva\nir\u00f3niu, sarkazmus a slovn\u00e9 hra\u010dky, prostredn\u00edctvom ktor\u00fdch autori poukazuj\u00fa na\nprobl\u00e9my spolo\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Za satirou je skryt\u00e1 finan\u010dn\u00e1 alebo kult\u00farna motiv\u00e1cia, napr\u00edklad kritika spolo\u010densk\u00fdch pomerov v krajine. Ked\u017ee je satira pomerne ob\u013e\u00faben\u00e1, dok\u00e1\u017ee zasiahnu\u0165 pomerne \u0161irok\u00e9 publikum. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

2. Hoax<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Hoax je z\u00e1merne\nvytvoren\u00fd falo\u0161n\u00fd obsah,<\/strong> ktor\u00fd sa sna\u017e\u00ed\nzmanipulova\u0165 a \u00famyselne oklama\u0165 pr\u00edjemcu, aby ho preposielal a \u010falej\nmasovo \u0161\u00edril. \u010casto je finan\u010dne motivovan\u00fd a je ur\u010den\u00fd na klamanie pr\u00edjemcu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Autor sa napr\u00edklad vyd\u00e1va za d\u00f4veryhodn\u00fd zdroj (firmu, \u0161t\u00e1tnu in\u0161tit\u00faciu alebo sa skr\u00fdva za v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 pomenovania ako \u201evedci z prest\u00ed\u017enej univerzity\u201c). \u010casto varuje pred katastrofick\u00fdmi n\u00e1sledkami fikt\u00edvnej udalosti a pou\u017e\u00edva tvrdenia, ktor\u00e9 nemaj\u00fa oporu vo vedecky overen\u00fdch alebo overite\u013en\u00fdch d\u00e1tach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hoaxy m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 viacero pod\u00f4b a s\u00fa trest<\/strong>nopr\u00e1vne postihnute\u013en\u00e9.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Jeden zn\u00e1my typ sa sna\u017e\u00ed zneu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 s\u00facit prij\u00edmate\u013ea<\/strong> a za \u010fal\u0161ie \u0161\u00edrenie, lajkovanie \u010di populariz\u00e1ciu s\u013eubuje nere\u00e1lnu finan\u010dn\u00fa odmenu, z\u00e1chranu ohrozen\u00e9ho \u017eivota \u010di in\u00e9 v\u00fdhody. Pr\u00e1ve v\u00fdzva k \u010fal\u0161iemu \u0161\u00edreniu obsahu (napr\u00edklad na Facebooku) je \u010dast\u00fdm a \u013eahko identifikovate\u013en\u00fdm znakom hoaxov. \u0160\u00edreniu hoaxov do ve\u013ekej miery dopom\u00e1haj\u00fa aj samotn\u00e9 soci\u00e1lne siete, ktor\u00e9 podobn\u00fd obsah nereguluj\u00fa a pre jeho vysok\u00fa popularitu ho ich algoritmy \u0161\u00edria e\u0161te intenz\u00edvnej\u0161ie. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mimoriadne roz\u0161\u00edrenou podobou hoaxov s\u00fa aj \u201efalo\u0161n\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy\u201c<\/strong> naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 anglick\u00fdm\n\u201efake news\u201c. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tie sa sna\u017eia pomocou upraven\u00fdch, prekr\u00faten\u00fdch \u010di vymyslen\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa podobu produktu \u017eurnalistiky, napr\u00edklad aj kombinovan\u00edm klamstiev a pravdiv\u00fdch tvrden\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 im dod\u00e1vaj\u00fa d\u00f4veryhodnos\u0165, manipulova\u0165 masy a ich n\u00e1zory, naj\u010dastej\u0161ie s politick\u00fdm alebo in\u00fdm ideologick\u00fdm cie\u013eom.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"Mu\u017e<\/figure>
\n

Dobre vedie\u0165<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aj kybernetick\u00ed \u00fato\u010dnici vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa falo\u0161n\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy a dezinform\u00e1cie na \u0161\u00edrenie malv\u00e9ru. Ob\u013e\u00fabenou taktikou je vyu\u017eitie napr\u00edklad falo\u0161n\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nkov. Na soci\u00e1lnej sieti ste objavili \u010dl\u00e1nok z bulv\u00e1rneho denn\u00edka, ktor\u00fd z\u00edskal ako jedin\u00fd \u0161okuj\u00face video s va\u0161ou ob\u013e\u00fabenou celebritou. Po kliknut\u00ed na \u010dl\u00e1nok m\u00f4\u017eete ma\u0165 napr\u00edklad probl\u00e9m s prehr\u00e1van\u00edm videa a budete vyzvan\u00ed stiahnu\u0165 si nov\u0161iu verziu prehr\u00e1va\u010da. Ke\u010f\u017ee chcete video vidie\u0165, cez zobrazen\u00fd odkaz uskuto\u010dn\u00edte aktualiz\u00e1ciu. No tak\u00fdmto sp\u00f4sobom si m\u00f4\u017eete stiahnu\u0165 adv\u00e9r, spyv\u00e9r alebo in\u00fd z\u00e1kern\u00fd malv\u00e9r. Bu\u010fte preto opatrn\u00ed, neverte v\u0161etk\u00e9mu, \u010do sa na internete objav\u00ed, neklikajte na skr\u00e1ten\u00e9 odkazy a nes\u0165ahujte s\u00fabory z neoveren\u00e9ho zdroja.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

3. Propaganda<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1merom propagandy je vytvori\u0165 obsah s cie\u013eom ovplyvni\u0165 \u0161irok\u00fa verejnos\u0165,<\/strong> aby\nprijala alebo odmietla ur\u010dit\u00e9 fakty, n\u00e1zory a zmenila svoj postoj. Propaganda\nm\u00e1 za cie\u013e manipul\u00e1ciou vyvola\u0165 u pr\u00edjemcu pocit, ktor\u00fd by za norm\u00e1lnych\nokolnost\u00ed nec\u00edtil a kona\u0165 tak, ako by be\u017ene nekonal. Za obsahom inform\u00e1cie je preva\u017ene skryt\u00fd\n<\/strong>ideologick\u00fd z\u00e1mer.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V tomto pr\u00edpade nejde len o \u0161\u00edrenie nepravdiv\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed. Stret\u00e1vame sa aj s inform\u00e1ciami, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa pravdiv\u00e9, av\u0161ak pou\u017eit\u00e9 na nekal\u00fd \u00fa\u010del. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1rast \u0161\u00edrenia propagandy dramaticky podporil rozvoj masovej komunik\u00e1cie v 20. storo\u010d\u00ed. Tento sp\u00f4sob sa stal jednou z techn\u00edk ovplyv\u0148ovania \u013eud\u00ed aj vo vojnovom obdob\u00ed, pri\u010dom jeho prim\u00e1rnym cie\u013eom nemuselo by\u0165 len podkop\u00e1vanie demokracie. Vyu\u017e\u00edvala sa na pozdvihnutie mor\u00e1lky krajiny, n\u00e1bor vojakov \u010di dobrovo\u013en\u00edkov, ako aj na \u0161\u00edrenie neod\u00f4vodnenej nen\u00e1visti, napr\u00edklad vo\u010di ur\u010dit\u00fdm n\u00e1rodnostiam, ktor\u00e9 \u017eili v demokratick\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Internetov\u00fd trolling<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Internetov\u00ed trollovia s\u00fa internetov\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvatelia, ktor\u00fdch jedinou \u00falohou\nje provokova\u0165 a ob\u0165a\u017eova\u0165 in\u00fdch\npou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov<\/strong>, naj\u010dastej\u0161ie v online diskusi\u00e1ch. Pritom inform\u00e1cie,\nktor\u00e9 internetov\u00ed trollovia \u0161\u00edria, s\u00fa \u010dasto neobjekt\u00edvne a falo\u0161n\u00e9. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aj ke\u010f p\u00f4vodne trollovia za svojou pr\u00e1cou nevideli zisk, dnes je t\u00e1to forma komunik\u00e1cie pomerne \u010dasto vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 v\u00a0oblasti biznisu, odborne naz\u00fdvan\u00fd ako astroturfing. <\/strong>Vyu\u017e\u00edvanie internetov\u00fdch trollov v\u00a0biznise sa pova\u017euje za neetick\u00e9 obchodn\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie, <\/strong>ke\u010f\u017ee komer\u010dn\u00ed objedn\u00e1vatelia platia trollom za to, aby v\u00a0online diskusi\u00e1ch o\u00a0nich \u0161\u00edrili presne to, \u010do chc\u00fa a \u010dasto len s\u00a0obchodn\u00fdm z\u00e1merom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Stiahnite si preh\u013eadn\u00fa inforgrafiku o dezinform\u00e1ci\u00e1ch
<\/a>Stiahnu\u0165<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Dnes na internete m\u00f4\u017eeme n\u00e1js\u0165 a\u017e 100 druhov trollov. Jeden m\u00f4\u017ee manipulova\u0165, druh\u00fd si m\u00f4\u017ee \u0161pecifick\u00fdm humorom u\u0165ahova\u0165 a \u010fal\u0161\u00ed vzdel\u00e1va\u0165. V knihe Pre\u010do \u013eudia veria nezmyslom (Jurkovi\u010d, \u010cavojov\u00e1, Brezina, 2019)  ich konkretizuje Ondru\u0161ek. Spom\u00edna nasledovn\u00e9 typy trollov:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  • Troll, ako psychopat s \u010drtami temnej tri\u00e1dy: <\/strong>\u010das\u0165 tejto skupiny \u013eud\u00ed m\u00f4\u017ee prejavova\u0165 psychopatick\u00e9 \u010drty a vy\u017e\u00edva\u0165 sa v tr\u00e1pen\u00ed in\u00fdch. No v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina tieto \u010drty nem\u00e1 a sk\u00f4r si t\u00fdmto spr\u00e1van\u00edm ventiluje frustr\u00e1ciu, napr\u00edklad len z tak\u00e9ho zl\u00e9ho d\u0148a v pr\u00e1ci.
    <\/li>
  • Troll, nezrel\u00fd t\u00edned\u017eer: <\/strong>mlad\u00ed \u013eudia s potrebou provokova\u0165 a exhibova\u0165, napr\u00edklad z frustr\u00e1cie nedocenenia, pri\u010dom chc\u00fa na seba upozorni\u0165.
    <\/li>
  • Troll, provokat\u00e9r: <\/strong>osoba, ktor\u00e1 podpichuje. No nie tradi\u010dnou cestou, ale vyu\u017e\u00edva sarkazmus \u010di paradox.
    <\/li>
  • Troll, naivn\u00fd alebo profesion\u00e1lny kon\u0161pir\u00e1tor: <\/strong>\u010dasto ide proti demokratick\u00fdm hodnot\u00e1m, vytv\u00e1ra paniku a manipuluje.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    Odpor\u00fa\u010dania<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Pri mno\u017estve inform\u00e1ci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9\ndenne pr\u00edjimame, m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 niekedy n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 odl\u00ed\u0161i\u0165 fakt od nepravdy.  Pri ka\u017edej spr\u00e1ve je\nd\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 v\u0161\u00edma\u0165 si mnoho aspektov:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    • Je\nt\u00e1to spr\u00e1va hodnovern\u00e1?<\/li>
    • Kto\nje jej autorom?<\/li>
    • Zaplatil\nniekto za \u0161\u00edrenie tejto spr\u00e1vy?<\/li>
    • Nebolo z nej\nvynechan\u00e9 nie\u010do d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9?<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      V \u010fal\u0161\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nkoch sme pripravili kr\u00e1tkeho sprievodcu nar\u00e1bania s inform\u00e1ciami, ktor\u00fd v\u00e1m pom\u00f4\u017ee n\u00e1js\u0165 odpovede na tieto ot\u00e1zky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n\n\n\n

      Autor: T\u00edm ESET
      Odborn\u00ed konzultanti: Vladim\u00edra Kurincov\u00e1 \u010cavojov\u00e1<\/strong>, samostatn\u00e1 vedeck\u00e1 v\u00fdskumn\u00ed\u010dka, \u00dastav experiment\u00e1lnej psychol\u00f3gie CSPV a spoluautorka knihy Pre\u010do \u013eudia veria nezmyslom (2019) a
      Mgr. Marek Jurkovi\u010d PhD.<\/strong>, Market Research Specialist spolo\u010dnosti ESET, psychol\u00f3g, b\u00fdval\u00fd vedeck\u00fd pracovn\u00edk SAV a spoluautor knihy Pre\u010do \u013eudia veria nezmyslom (2019) <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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